The Kashmir Dispute | Article 370 | India-Pakistan Relation

 India-Pakistan Dispute on Junagadh, Jodhpur, and Kashmir 

Kashmir was one of the states under British suzerainty. In 1946, the memorandum of the Cabinet Mission to India defined the status of such states. 

As per the Cabinet with India, Pakistan, or would remain independent. Two instruments, namely, Instrument of Accession and a Standstill Agreement, were proposed by Mountbatten. 

lapse of paramount

Jinnah interpreted that, as per Cabinet Mission Plan, the situation post-lapse of paramount would be such that states would gain the independent status of being sovereign in nature. 

Congress, through a resolution on 15 June 1947, held that on the lapse of paramountcy, the will of the people of concerned states would be required to ascertain their choices as the lapse of paramountcy did not tantamount to the independence of a state. With this interpretation, the Congress raised objections when the Maharaja of Jodhpur began to negotiate an accession with Pakistan. India insisted on its interpretation in the case of Junagadh. A referendum on Junagadh happened and its population voted in favor of India.

The instrument of accession and Kashmir

Kashmir was ruled by Hari Singh. In September 1947, there was communal trouble in Poonch province in the state. Simultaneously, Pakistani tribesmen had started pouring in and have unleashed a campaign of carnage in other areas reaching up till Srinagar. 

In October 1947, Hari Singh requested arms and troop support from India to stop the Pakistani-sponsored menace. As Hari Singh had not acceded either to India or Pakistan, troops from India could not be sent. Mountbatten asserted that the accession should be determined by a plebiscite after the tribesmen have been driven out of Kashmir. Nehru accepted the views of Mountbatten.

Mountbatten contended that as India has not signed a formal accession treaty with Kashmir if it sends troops to Kashmir, Pakistan would do the same and this may lead to war. 

It was decided by Nehru to inform Hari Singh that only if Hari Singh acceded to India would there be any troop commitment. Nehru, however, clarified that such accession is conditioned, and once law and order are restored, the will of the Hari Singh signed the instrument of accession and sent a letter to Nehru to that effect. 

Standstill Agreement with Pakistan

In the letter, Hari Singh stated that Kashmir had signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan. As per the agreement, Pakistan provided postal and telegraph services in the state. 

Hari Singh also complained that Pakistan had put a lot of pressure on him, and one of the pressure tactics was the tribal raids. He wrote that in this emergency, instead of allowing Pakistan to destroy his state, he preferred concluding an instrument of accession with India. 

The Indian government accepted the accession and decided to provide military help to Kashmir, Pakistan immediately declared that the accession was an act of fraud and it summarily rejected the accession. 

Jammu Kashmir Disputed Map

The intervention of the UN in the Kashmir Dispute

The challenge of the legality of the accession by Pakistan was an unsound political move. Indian policy was clear-it was aimed at driving out invaders from Kashmir. 

Once law and order would be restored, there would be a plebiscite under the observation of the UN. Mountbatten urged Nehru that an international agency like the UN can ensure impartiality in the plebiscite. 

On 15 January 1948, India argued in the UN that after normalcy prevailed in the state, there would be a plebiscite under the auspices of the UN. 

The UN subsequently established a UN commission for India and Pakistan with the power to exercise mediatory influence. As the UN Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) came to the subcontinent, there arose disagreements over demilitarisation in Kashmir. 

Raise of Article 370

In 1949, India included representatives of Kashmir in its Constituent Assembly and worked on Article 370. Pakistan immediately raised objections to the same. India clarified that as its Constitution was being discussed, the Kashmir region could not be left out. However, India asserted that the inclusion of representatives of Kashmir did not change its position on the ground. 

India assured that after the plebiscite if Kashmir decided to go the other way, its representation in the Indian Parliament would automatically cease. India further clarified that the instrument of accession was conditional on a plebiscite but was legal.

The Indian Constituent Assembly debated about an Article 370 (which was debated as Article 306A) to give representation to Kashmir till conditions conducive for a plebiscite were created. 

The UNCIP yet again made an attempt under McNaughton's leadership to create a conducive condition for a plebiscite by advocating demilitarisation. However, the UNCIP failed and the UNSC terminated the UNCIP in 1950 and appointed Sir Owen Dixon as the UN Representative to the Security Council. Owen Dixon again proposed the idea of a plebiscite after demilitarisation. 

Establishment of separate Constituent Assembly

In 1951, the Indian government supported the creation of a Constituent Assembly of the state of Kashmir which would frame its own Constitution but India clarified that it remained committed to a plebiscite and against forced marriages. 

The Constituent Assembly of Kashmir adopted a Constitution for Kashmir on 17 November 1956. 

The Constitution declared that Kashmir was an integral part of India. Though Pakistan objected to this provision, India clarified that the legality of Kashmir's accession to India (as happened in October 1947) could not be challenged but that did not change India's position of a plebiscite to allow the Kashmiris to determine their future, provided conducive conditions are created. 

India alleged that the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir and the subsequent Pakistani membership of SEATO and Baghdad pact in 1953 and 1954 had not created a condition conducive for a plebiscite. India also alleged that Pakistan had not withdrawn its troops on the other side of the ceasefire line. 

India, by 1960, began to assert that it would not accept international mediation and would resort to a bilateral dialogue with Pakistan over Kashmir but continue to support the plebiscite. India advocated a shift from treating the Kashmir problem as a world question to treating it as a domestic issue.

When Pakistani tribesmen had invaded Kashmir, the UNCIP was instructed to work jointly with the two states and create a condition conducive for a plebiscite. To immediately halt the hostilities, the UNCIP, through negotiations, helped India and Pakistan sign an agreement in 1949 in Karachi. 

As per the Karachi Agreement, a ceasefire line was drawn as a temporary arrangement to divide the line between Kashmiri territory left with India and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) which they called Azad Kashmir.

India alleged that the stalemate over Kashmir could not end and a plebiscite could not happen as Pakistan did not withdraw its troops from the PoK which was a necessary condition for restoration of peace leading to a future plebiscite. 

As time progressed, in 1965, Pakistan launched another conflict with India. The Indian army gave a befitting response to Pakistan. 

In the subsequent Soviet-brokered negotiations, a Tashkent Agreement was concluded and both sides agreed to maintain a status quo. In 1971, in the war with East Pakistan, as explained in the previous section, India yet again gave a serious blow to Pakistan by slicing of Bangladesh from its control. 

Under the Shimla Agreement, Pakistan diplomatically paved way for the recognition of the creation of Bangladesh. Under the Agreement, the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement of 1948 was re-designated as the Line of Control (LoC).

Under the Shimla Agreement of 1972, as mentioned above, the ceasefire line was now renamed as the LoC and thereby the tenure of UNMOGIP to maintain peace on the ceasefire line came to an end. 

Karachi Agreement 1949 | Azad Kashmir and UN involment

What is the Karachi Agreement

When Pakistani tribesmen had invaded Kashmir, the UNCIP was instructed to work jointly with the two states and create a condition conducive for a plebiscite. To immediately halt the hostilities, the UNCIP, through negotiations, helped India and Pakistan sign an agreement in 1949 in Karachi. 

Karachi Agreement
Signed	27 July 1949
Location	Karachi, Pakistan
Between	India and Pakistan
Signatories	Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh on behalf of India Maj. Gen. W. J. Cawthorn on behalf of Pakistan Hernando Samper and M. Delvoie from UNCIP

As per the Karachi Agreement, a ceasefire line was drawn as a temporary arrangement to divide the line between Kashmiri territory left with India and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) which they called Azad Kashmir. 

The Pakistani army decided to take over the operational control of the Pok and stationed its troops in the region. India had alleged that this troop presence of Pakistan was one of the reasons why a condition conducive for a plebiscite had not been created. The ceasefire line came into effect from 1 January 1949.

India alleged that the stalemate over Kashmir could not end and a plebiscite could not happen as Pakistan did not withdraw its troops from the PoK which was a necessary condition for restoration of peace leading to a future plebiscite. 

As time progressed, in 1965, Pakistan launched another conflict with India. The Indian army gave a befitting response to Pakistan. 

In the subsequent Soviet-brokered negotiations, a Tashkent Agreement was concluded and both sides agreed to maintain a status quo. In 1971, in the war with East Pakistan, as explained in the previous section, India yet again gave a serious blow to Pakistan by slicing of Bangladesh from its control. 

Karachi Agreement after the 1971 war

After the 1971 war, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement/ Shimla Agreement in 1972. 

Under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan diplomatically paved way for the recognition of the creation of Bangladesh. Under the Agreement, the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement of 1948 was re-designated as the Line of Control (LoC).

Under the Karachi Agreement, the demarcation in the north at point NJ9842 was not clear. The two sides had no disagreement in the glacier area as the terrain was uninhabitable. 

In the 1970s, Pakistan undertook expeditions in the region near NJ9842 in an area called the Siachen glacier. India too launched an expedition in the Siachen glacier. Pakistan eventually made an attempt to occupy the glacier. In 1984, the Indian army, under Operation Meghdoot, thwarted Pakistan's efforts and successfully occupied the Siachen glacier.

Under the Simla Agreement of 1972, as mentioned above, the ceasefire line was now renamed as the LoC and thereby the tenure of UNMOGIP to maintain peace on the ceasefire line came to an end. 

The Simla Agreement of 1972 gave India an opportunity to put the conversion of the Kashmir issue from an international to a bilateral issue on paper. In 1972, under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan agreed to resolve Kashmir bilaterally without any third-party intervention. Though India gained at this point in 1972, however, critics point out that India lost an opportunity in 1972 to make the LoC as an international border. Due to a lack of clear demarcations, firing across the LoC continued from the Pakistani side in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

What is Shimla Agreement 1972 ? An Analysis

What is the Shimla Agreement?

Under the Shimla Agreement, Pakistan diplomatically paved way for the recognition of the creation of Bangladesh. Under the Agreement, the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement of 1948 was re-designated as the Line of Control (LoC).

Shimla Agreement
Signed	3 July 1972
Location	Barnes Court, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
Between	India and Pakistan
Signatories	Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)

Under the Shimla Agreement of 1972, as mentioned above, the ceasefire line was now renamed as the LoC and thereby the tenure of UNMOGIP to maintain peace on the ceasefire line came to an end. 

Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)

The Simla Agreement of 1972 gave India an opportunity to put the conversion of the Kashmir issue from an international to a bilateral issue on paper. In 1972, under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan agreed to resolve Kashmir bilaterally without any third-party intervention. Though India gained at this point in 1972, however, critics point out that India lost an opportunity in 1972 to make the LoC as an international border. Due to a lack of clear demarcations, firing across the LoC continued from the Pakistani side in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

Rise of Terrorism in Kashmir

The Simla Agreement of 1972 could not solve all the problems and proved unable to stabilise Kashmir Since the 1950s, Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference (NC) was in power. 

In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, he was dismissed many times only to be appointed again. 

In 1987, Kashmir held elections After the death of Sheikh Abdullah, Farooq Abdullah, his son, decided to form an alliance with the Congress for the elections. 

In the 1980s, various social and religious organisations who wanted to resolve the Kashmir issue peacefully formed the Muslim United Front (MUF). The MUF too wanted to use the 1987 elections to put forth Kashmiri grievances peacefully at the legislative forum. Farooq Abdullah won the elections. 

The MUF alleged that the elections were rigged, after which the MUF candidate Mohammad Yusuf Shah was imprisoned. This led to mass protests in the valley. A Pakistani militant outfit leader Syed Salahuddin too fuelled the protestors through his group, known as the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM), which had been originally founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar. 

The HM group mobilised Abdul Hamid Sheikh, Ashfaq Majeed Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Yasin Malik and formed the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). As the MUF cadres were suppressed, they began to cross over to Pakistan for support. 

In 1979, the USSR had invaded Afghanistan. To contain the Soviets, the US began to take help from Pakistan. The CIA had provided arms, ammunition and money to the ISI to train Mujahideens to fight the Soviets and create an enormous amount of resistance to the Soviet rule in Afghanistan. 

India - Pakistan Trade Relations | Where is Both Countries

India Pakistan trade relations despite the obstructive behaviour of Pakistan to allow a trade to materialise, the two sides have tremendous potential for bilateral trade. 

History of India Pakistan Trade

In 1996, India gave the MFN status to Pakistan, which is reciprocated in 2012 The bilateral trade is around 2.5 USD billion despite a potential of 20 USD billion. It is imperative for the two to explore cooperation in trade and establish a regional value chain in the globalised and integrated world. 

Some experts have suggested that the two can explore product-specific regional value chains in sectors like textiles, sports goods and surgical instruments.

Trade Condition

For instance, in Surat (GJ) and Tiruppur (TN), there in Lahore and Faisalabad. Similarly, in India, there is a huge demand of Pakistani salwar kameez and production of raw materials of textiles that can be linked to production centres wedding attire, which can be explored as a sector. 

Similarly, Pakistan is gradually emerging as a global Supplier of sports goods. Sialkot in Pakistan is a manufacturing hub for sports goods from football to gling gloves. The footballs manufactured here have been used in the FIFA World Cup also, However, the manufactures of these products in Sialkot need high-quality raw materials and semi-finished products, which at present they import from Thailand.

This is where India can step in India has high-quality latex, rubber and football bladders, which it can directly expertise Again, Sialkot is known for its in surgical instruments and is a global supplier to the US and major powers in Europe. India is provide to Sialkot major importer of surgical instruments. At present, it imports them from developed states of the world at very high prices. A direct import from Sialkot is economically and logistically conducive for India. 

For instance, India can enhance the supply of stainless steel to Pakistan, which in turn will be a ready raw material available to manufacturers in Sialkot. Sialkot enjoys a historical edge because till 1947, Jalandhar and Stalkot were integrated manufacturing hubs. After the partition the skilled Labour moved to Sialkot. 

Way Forward

The hope of the trade is that it will help to create a constituency of peace, which will enable Pakistan to relinquish terror and Join the economic race. But, the ISI finds no merit in the argument of trade with India and is keen to skilfully use its geographical position to harm India. 

After the Pulwama attack in 2019, India has also hiked the duties for bilateral trade and withdrawn the MFN status with Pakistan. Thus, the politics have again taken over economics in the bilateral ties.

Ravindra Kaushik RAW Agent ( Black Tiger) Age, Wife, son

Who is Ravindra Kaushik

Ravindra Kaushik was the real-life spy known by "Black tiger" (The title “Black Tiger" was given by India’s then home minister S.B. Chavan.) who famous for espionage in Pakistan between 1975–1983.

"If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles."

Personal Life of Ravindra Kaushik

Date of birth	-11 April 1952
Date of Death	-2001 (49 Year)
Birth Place	-Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
School	-Government School in Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan
College	-BCom from SD Bhani College in Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan
University	-LLB from University of Karachi
Hobbies	-Acting, Watching Films
Ravindra Kaushik Wife	-Amanat (Pakistan)
Ravindra Kaushik son	-Son - Areeb Ahmed Khan Ravindra Kaushik son
Ravindra Kaushik Father	-JM Kaushik (Indian Airforce)
Ravindra Kaushik Mother	-Amladevi
Ravindra Kaushik Siblings	-Brother - Rajeshwarnath Kaushik  -Sister - Name Unknown

Career

Agency	-Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
Joining	-1973
Other Name	-Nabi Ahmad Shakir, Black Tiger
Known For	-Indian SPY

Earlier life of Ravindra Kaushik

Ravindra Kaushik Born and brought up in Sriganganagar, a border town in Rajasthan, After his schooling, he attended a private college, SD Bihani College, in Sri Ganganagar. While in college, Ravindra developed a skill for acting and started participating in plays and dramas. Once, he was performing in a play in Lucknow, he was approached by a RAW Officer to join RAW. Ravindra accepted it and join the RAW. After completing his graduation in Commerce, he went to Delhi. During his training, he had to learn Urdu and the customs of Pakistan. 

Ravindra Kaushik: Raw secret agent

Real Tiger

In 1975, Kaushik was sent to Pakistan on a mission. He converted to Islam and given the name "Nabi Ahmed Shakir". To show him a pure Muslim, Sunnat (circumcision) was also performed on Kaushik. In Pakistan he took admission to Karachi University and completed his LLB, Ravindra Kaushik was inducted into the Pakistan Army where he became an Auditor in the Military Accounts Department of Pakistan Army. He becomes a Major. Ravindra Kaushik soon came into the contact with Amanat, they got married and later they have a son Areeb Ahmed Khan who died. In 2012-2013.

Ravindra Kaushik

In 1979, he carried out major operations, Upto 1983, Kaushik transmitted several valuable information (Atomic plants, Army reforms) to  RAW.

It was all going well with Kaushik until 1983 when his cover was inadvertently blown out by another Indian agent called Inayat Masiha; who was a low-level operative and soon caught by Pakistan as he was crossing the border. During interrogation, Inayat Masiha broke down and revealed his purpose. He identified Black Tiger and Kaushik was arrested immediately on charges of espionage. At that time, Kaushik was 29-year-old. Kaushik was then captured, tortured for two years at an interrogation center in Sialkot. 

Know how RAW works and how they select the Agent

Why did India not claim the body of Ravindra Kaushik?

In 1985, Kaushik was awarded the death sentence. However, in 1990, it was converted into the life-term. He was kept in various jails in Pakistan including Sialkot and Kot Lakhpat; where he spent the last 18 years of his life.

He had spent 26 years of his life away from his family and home in unfavorable conditions. He was buried behind the Central Jail in Multan. During his imprisonment, Kaushik secretly sent out half a dozen letters to his family; telling them of the barbarism he was subjected to. In a letter, he asked:

Kya Bharat jaise bade desh ke liye kurbani dene waalon ko yahi milta hai?”

In another letter, just three days before his death, Ravindra Kaushik wrote a bitter note:

Had I been an American, I would have been out of this jail in three days.”

Since 1987, Ravindra Kaushik's younger brother, Rajeshwarnath Kaushik, and his mother, Amladevi, had written several letters to various Indian officials to rescue Ravindra Kaushik from Pakistan. However, they couldn’t get help from any of them. His mother, Amladevi, had also written a letter to the then Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, in which she wrote-

Had he not been exposed, Kaushik would have been a senior army officer of the Pakistan government by now and (continued in) the coming years (serving India secretly).”

Facts about Ravindra Kaushik

1. Ravindra Kaushik is also named Black Tiger and he is a powerful Raw agent being a raw agent in Pakistan.
2. Ravindra Kaushik was caught by the Pakistan army and left his last breathe in Pakistan jail at the age of 23.
3. Ravindra Kaushik joined in Indian  Intelligence agent and he came in front to go to Pakistan as a spy while others refused it he changes his name to Nabi Ahmed Shakir and learned Urdu and turned as a  Muslim and went to Pakistan.
4. Ravindra Kaushik did Law course at a university in Pakistan and joined the Pakistan army and changed to the Islamic religion.
5. Ravindra Kaushik also married a Pakistani girl and gives the information to the Indian Army from 1979 to 1983 he gave the information to India as a Raw agent every time when Pakistan made the attempt plans on India he used to send the information to India unfortunately he was caught to the Pakistan army by the mistake of another secret agent even his wife don't know he is an Indian raw agent.
6. After he was caught he was kept in jail for 16 years and forced him for Indian secrets even he didn't say any secrets of India and honored as an Indian Black tiger Up to his death.
7. Ravindra Kaushik believed that the Indian government will save him but he died with Tuberculosis.

Biography of Ravindra Kaushik in Hindi

Maj General Ian Cardoso: who chopped his leg with his own khukri

 When Ian was packing his bags to go to the NDA, His father said ,you will command men one day. Never show fear. Fear and courage are two sides of the same coin. If not show courage, your men will follow you right into hell but if you are scared, they will not perform.' he remembers and follows that advice all his life. 

                      Major General Ian Cardozo

When he join the Joint Services Wing at Clement Town, Dehradun , biggest problem he faces is that he does not know how to cycle. 

He has vivid memories of running from one class to another while all the other cadets are cycling. I was always running late for classes, missing breakfast, skipping dinner and being punished. In six weeks, I had lost seven kilograms and I was also at the bottom of lass.' he confesses. Studies are a big shock to him too, my since he has come to the NDA under the impression that he would not have to study any more. 'I was horrified to find I had to learn science, humanities, arts besides a total of thirty subjects,' he says. However, his saving grace is that he was good at sports. This impressed his divisional officer who told him to sort out his maths and Hindi, assuring him that he would shoot up in the course if  he did so.

Since Ian doesn't have any time during the day, he starts breaking an Academy rule. After lights out at 10 p.m., he would pull a blanket over his head and study maths and Hindi in  light of his torch. It pays off-in his fifth term, he second in class in the order of merit. He also starts boxing and catches the eye of his seniors because irrespective of how many beatings he takes, he never gives up. He sh an incident when he had to fight the captain of the boxing team. I didn't want to fight him so I reduced my weight to captain change my category,' the General says. However, the was equally keen to fight Ian so he also reduced his weight. The entire Academy turns up to watch the fight. I was Sergeant Major and nobody liked me, so they all wanted me get thrashed,' he says. The crowds are not disappointed.

Ian does get the thrashing of his life but he digs his heels in and refuses to get knocked out. This leaves him bloody- nosed and weak-jawed but the result is that all his seniors and determination and officers are very impressed by his grit and determination position akin to the Head Boy of the Academy.

Unfortunately, Ian rubs a British officer the wrong way by refusing to mimic an Indian officer at a battalion social.

The British officer threatens him with dire circumstances including not being allowed to lead the parade, but he stick to his guns. He is in the running for one of the Academy medals. However, he is now pretty certain he is not going to get it. At the Passing Out Parade rehearsals, he notices that the gold and silver medals are both going to another cadet.

This convinces him that he was not getting a medal. Imagine his surprise on D-Day when not only does he get to command the parade but when the name of the cadet receiving both medals is announced, it is none other than Academy Cadet Captain Ian Cardozo himself! That taught me the lesson that if you are good and if you stick to your principles, nothing can stop you,' he smiles.

1971 War

7,000 Pakistani surrender were surrender in 1965 war, soldiers have surrendered. Just one day after the sun Major Ian Cardozo of 4/5 Gorkha Rifles gets a panic call from a Border Security Force (BSF) commandant near his post. He is afraid the Pakistanis might attack him. Gathering a patrol of three men, Cardozo and his Gurkhas, none know fear, decide to reassure him with a visit. The date starts walking towards the BSF location, not realizing that the Pakistanis have laid a minefield in that area.

Around 8.30 a.m., Cardozo steps on a mine. It blows up, reducing his legs to blood and bone. Much to the horror of his Gorkha troops, he falls. One of his legs is completely mangled ankle down. They carry a still conscious Cardozo back. In terrible pain, he is asking for a painkiller. 'Give me morphine, he whispers hoarsely to the unit doctor.

The doctor reminds him that Pakistani shelling has destroyed their medical inspection (MI) room, killing one JCO, four jawans and destroying all medical stores. Cardozo tells him to cut off the leg and the doctor replies he has nothing to amputate it with and will try to organize some medication

By 10.30 a.m., Cardozo is writhing in pain and has reached the end of his patience. The destroyed foot is hurting and he can see that it will never be of any use .he cut it off himself.

The doctor returns and is shocked to see what Cardozo be done. 'Don't lecture me, Cardozo tells him. Just tie up he leg and stop the bleeding. The CO rushes to the location well. By now Dhaka has fallen, the instrument of surrender is going to be signed and VIP movement has begun. All helicopters are engaged and there are none available to fly the wounded Major to an Indian Army hospital.

The Pakistanis, however, have hospitals operational in the area. Cardozo's CO tells him that they have heard about his injury and have offered to operate on him.Cardozo initially refuses. After much persuasion, he agrees on two conditions. The first is that since he doesn't trust the Pakistanis, his CO will be present while the surgery is happening to ensure that they don't touch his other leg. The second condition is that he will not accept any Pakistani blood. When his CO tells him he is being a fool, Cardozo, Replies, "Sir, I'd rather die a fool than live with Pakistani blood in my veins.' After that, he blacks out. He is operated by Major Mohammad Bashir, who does a good job but Cardozo is not able to thank him for it because he never sees him again.