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Showing posts with label india-pakistan agreement. Show all posts
Showing posts with label india-pakistan agreement. Show all posts

Karachi Agreement 1949 | Azad Kashmir and UN involment

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Tuesday, 6 October 2020

What is the Karachi Agreement

When Pakistani tribesmen had invaded Kashmir, the UNCIP was instructed to work jointly with the two states and create a condition conducive for a plebiscite. To immediately halt the hostilities, the UNCIP, through negotiations, helped India and Pakistan sign an agreement in 1949 in Karachi. 


Karachi Agreement

Signed

27 July 1949

Location

Karachi, Pakistan

Between 

India and Pakistan

Signatories

  • Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh on behalf of India

  • Maj. Gen. W. J. Cawthorn on behalf of Pakistan

  • Hernando Samper and M. Delvoie from UNCIP


As per the Karachi Agreement, a ceasefire line was drawn as a temporary arrangement to divide the line between Kashmiri territory left with India and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) which they called Azad Kashmir. 


The Pakistani army decided to take over the operational control of the Pok and stationed its troops in the region. India had alleged that this troop presence of Pakistan was one of the reasons why a condition conducive for a plebiscite had not been created. The ceasefire line came into effect from 1 January 1949.

India alleged that the stalemate over Kashmir could not end and a plebiscite could not happen as Pakistan did not withdraw its troops from the PoK which was a necessary condition for restoration of peace leading to a future plebiscite. 

As time progressed, in 1965, Pakistan launched another conflict with India. The Indian army gave a befitting response to Pakistan. 


In the subsequent Soviet-brokered negotiations, a Tashkent Agreement was concluded and both sides agreed to maintain a status quo. In 1971, in the war with East Pakistan, as explained in the previous section, India yet again gave a serious blow to Pakistan by slicing of Bangladesh from its control. 

Karachi Agreement after the 1971 war

After the 1971 war, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement/ Shimla Agreement in 1972. 

Under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan diplomatically paved way for the recognition of the creation of Bangladesh. Under the Agreement, the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement of 1948 was re-designated as the Line of Control (LoC).

Under the Karachi Agreement, the demarcation in the north at point NJ9842 was not clear. The two sides had no disagreement in the glacier area as the terrain was uninhabitable. 

In the 1970s, Pakistan undertook expeditions in the region near NJ9842 in an area called the Siachen glacier. India too launched an expedition in the Siachen glacier. Pakistan eventually made an attempt to occupy the glacier. In 1984, the Indian army, under Operation Meghdoot, thwarted Pakistan's efforts and successfully occupied the Siachen glacier.

Under the Simla Agreement of 1972, as mentioned above, the ceasefire line was now renamed as the LoC and thereby the tenure of UNMOGIP to maintain peace on the ceasefire line came to an end. 

The Simla Agreement of 1972 gave India an opportunity to put the conversion of the Kashmir issue from an international to a bilateral issue on paper. In 1972, under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan agreed to resolve Kashmir bilaterally without any third-party intervention. Though India gained at this point in 1972, however, critics point out that India lost an opportunity in 1972 to make the LoC as an international border. Due to a lack of clear demarcations, firing across the LoC continued from the Pakistani side in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

What is Shimla Agreement 1972 ? An Analysis

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What is the Shimla Agreement?

Under the Shimla Agreement, Pakistan diplomatically paved way for the recognition of the creation of Bangladesh. Under the Agreement, the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement of 1948 was re-designated as the Line of Control (LoC).

Shimla Agreement

Signed

3 July 1972

Location

Barnes Court, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

Between 

India and Pakistan

Signatories

Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India)

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)

Under the Shimla Agreement of 1972, as mentioned above, the ceasefire line was now renamed as the LoC and thereby the tenure of UNMOGIP to maintain peace on the ceasefire line came to an end. 

What is Shimla Agreement 1972 ? An Analysis

Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (President of Pakistan)


The Simla Agreement of 1972 gave India an opportunity to put the conversion of the Kashmir issue from an international to a bilateral issue on paper. In 1972, under the Simla Agreement, Pakistan agreed to resolve Kashmir bilaterally without any third-party intervention. Though India gained at this point in 1972, however, critics point out that India lost an opportunity in 1972 to make the LoC as an international border. Due to a lack of clear demarcations, firing across the LoC continued from the Pakistani side in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

Rise of Terrorism in Kashmir

The Simla Agreement of 1972 could not solve all the problems and proved unable to stabilise Kashmir Since the 1950s, Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference (NC) was in power. 

In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, he was dismissed many times only to be appointed again. 

In 1987, Kashmir held elections After the death of Sheikh Abdullah, Farooq Abdullah, his son, decided to form an alliance with the Congress for the elections. 

In the 1980s, various social and religious organisations who wanted to resolve the Kashmir issue peacefully formed the Muslim United Front (MUF). The MUF too wanted to use the 1987 elections to put forth Kashmiri grievances peacefully at the legislative forum. Farooq Abdullah won the elections. 

The MUF alleged that the elections were rigged, after which the MUF candidate Mohammad Yusuf Shah was imprisoned. This led to mass protests in the valley. A Pakistani militant outfit leader Syed Salahuddin too fuelled the protestors through his group, known as the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM), which had been originally founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar

The HM group mobilised Abdul Hamid Sheikh, Ashfaq Majeed Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Yasin Malik and formed the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). As the MUF cadres were suppressed, they began to cross over to Pakistan for support. 

In 1979, the USSR had invaded Afghanistan. To contain the Soviets, the US began to take help from Pakistan. The CIA had provided arms, ammunition and money to the ISI to train Mujahideens to fight the Soviets and create an enormous amount of resistance to the Soviet rule in Afghanistan. 


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